The new research aims to find the answer to the question: what makes matter mass?

“A new experiment offers intriguing clues about one of physics’ deepest questions: the origin of mass. By probing an exotic, short-lived nuclear state involving a heavy meson, researchers uncovered evidence that particle properties may shift inside dense nuclear matter. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Where Does Mass Come From? Scientists Find Evidence of a New Exotic Nuclear State)

The mass is one of the biggest mysteries in physics. The question of what constitutes mass is a key element in physics. The mass has a straight connection. With gravity. There is a structure that binds quantum fields. Otherwise, it affects all three other fundamental interactions. When the matter binds quantum fields, the quantum field from outside tries to fill that space. And those fields pull particles and wave movement with them. This causes a situation that. Light can travel faster in a gravitational field than outside that field. This requires that the photon travels. 

To the gravitational center. The speed of light is relative. It’s relative to the speed at which its environment travels. So if the speed of the quantum field is 20 % of the speed of light, that means the photon travels 20 % faster if we compare its speed with the speed of a photon outside the quantum field. Because a photon is inside a quantum field, it travels in a gravitational field. It doesn’t break the laws of physics. When an object falls into a black hole through the event horizon. Its speed. Comparing with the environment is zero. 

When a photon or any other particle escapes from the gravitational field, its speed decreases. The impacting quantum field forms an electromagnetic shadow behind it. So the gravity center pulls energy out of the particle. So when a particle travels to the gravitational center. It will pull energy inside it. But when it escapes from that field, it must deliver as much energy as it got. 

But then. The particle tries to escape from that field. The particle must release or transfer as much energy to the field around it. As the field transitioned into it. When the speed of the field and the particle is precisely the same. The field cannot transfer energy into a particle. That is one of the reasons why nothing can escape from a black hole. The energy transition between particle and field ends. When they travel at the same speed. 

Impression of a photon rocket that could transport people to stars somewhere in the distant future. 

What if the gravitational center suddenly disappears? The particle will not need to deliver the energy that it got when it fell to the gravitational center. 

When a particle tries to escape from a black hole, the quantum field creates a shockwave ahead of it. If a particle tries to stop and turn around, the wave forms at the front of it. Another thing is the quantum shadow behind it. And that shadow pulls energy out of it. When the field travels .To the gravity center. With a speed 20% of the speed of light, the impact speed of the static particle and field is 20% of the speed of light. 

This means that the photon’s speed is 20 % lower if we compare the escaping photon’s speed with the speed of a photon that travels outside the gravity field. The photon can travel faster than other photons when it travels to a gravitational center. So, the photon that escapes from a black hole needs to use as much energy as it had when it traveled to the gravitational center. 

This paradox causes an interesting idea about crossing the speed of light. The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. But if the fields travel to the gravitational center. With a speed. That is about 30% of the speed of light. And the speed of the hypothetical craft. It is about 75-80% of the speed of light; there is a possibility. The craft detonates the gravitational center. This means that the gravitational effect disappears. And that thing removes the need to deliver energy for escaping the gravity center. 

The explosion forms the impacting field. That speed is near the speed of light. And that causes a situation where the impact speed with craft and field is higher than the speed of light. 

Gravitation pulls objects. Like a river pulls woods and other things with it. There is a theory. That. There is a tornado-shaped structure or a small black hole in the middle of each particle. This means that particles are the halos of the quantum-sized black holes. The thing that makes those theories interesting is that reseachers in Brookhaven National Laboratories created quarks by colliding composite particles called hyperons. 

Those impacts formed quark-antiquark pairs. And the Brookhaven staff. Can detect those particle-antiparticle pairs from debris. Those collisions formed. The thing is that hyperons form quark-antiquark pairs when. It decays into two particles. The spin of those particles is opposite. And that makes them particle-antiparticle pairs. The effect that forms matter straight from energy. Or wave movement called the Schwinger effect. 

Colliding quantum fields form the whirl that starts to condense. That whirl forms in the borders of those impacting fields. The question is, what stabilizes those whirls or balls? The thing that stabilizes them is the thing that gives mass to matter. The matter is a condensed quantum field. But what condenses it? And what binds quantum fields in matter? 

Quantum fields are the common name for the four fundamental interactions. The time dilation and its connection. Mass and gravitation are well-known. The reason for that is that gravitation condenses quantum fields. And that thing slows the particle’s evaporation. Condensed quantum fields are the result, not the reason, for something that binds those fields. This means that gravitation interacts similarly with all other fundamental interactions. And that makes mass and gravitation interesting things. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-observe-particles-emerging-from-nothing

https://scitechdaily.com/where-does-mass-come-from-scientists-find-evidence-of-a-new-exotic-nuclear-state/

Quantum dot-based technology can be a new tool against stealth technology.

“Artistic rendering of scanning-exciton optical nanoscopy (SEON) showing correlative dual-parameter mapping of light-field intensity and local density of optical states (LDOS) on a single gold nanoparticle (right), a plasmonic trimer consisting of three nearly-touching gold nanoparticles (left), and a waveguide-interfaced photonic crystal nanocavity (middle). The light-field intensity and LDOS distributions are shown in red and blue colormaps, respectively. Credit: Xue-Wen Chen et al.” (ScitechDaily,Scientists Break Optical Limits With Quantum Dot-Powered Nanoscopy)

Quantum radar. It can be two-layer graphene. The system puts quantum entanglement between particles that are locked in those squares. The system should use particle pairs. In transmitting particle pairs. The outer particle is at a lower energy level. That particle transmits signals. And in receiving a particle pair, the outer particle is in the lower energy size, which allows it to transport information into the system. That kind of quantum dot-based technology can break the stealth material. In that system, the frame spins, and that makes it possible to create. The scanning Doppler radar.  

In some other versions, the system uses a cut nanotube. The nanotube forms the crown-shaped structure. And in the middle of the nanotube is the antenna that transmits. The nanotube spins around that antenna. And that allows it to create the nanotechnical Doppler radar. The main problem. With Doppler radars. The antenna must move. 

So. That it can work right. The reason for that is this. The same antenna cannot transmit. And receive at the same time. The moving antenna makes it possible. That. The angle of the receiving antenna changes. This makes it possible. To determine the location of the point where signals reflect. Normally, the radar has a light parabolic shape, which makes it possible to determine the distance to objects. Another version. It is easier to use the change of frequency when the object comes straight to the radar. 

“DTU researchers have invented a nanolaser constructed in a semiconductor membrane that causes electrons and light to gather in a small area (blue shadow). By using light instead of electrical signals on microchips, data speed can be increased and energy loss reduced. Credit: Yi Yu” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Create Tiny “Nanolaser” That Could Revolutionize Future Computers)

Those transmitter-receiver antenna pairs can have an adjustable angle. This allows them to measure distance to the target. Very accurately. In those cases, the other antennas can send plus, and the other transmitter antennas can send A minus mark. Radio signals. Those signals form an electric arc to the target. 

This is important when something comes. Straight ahead to radar. The quantum dot-based radar can also use moving structures. 

Sometimes it’s discussed. About the possibility of using things like helium atoms as quantum radars. The atom’s core acts as a transmitter. And electrons act as a receiver. The system can also use things like excitons. The hole acts as a receiver. And the electron. Which orbits the hole act as a transmitter. Those exciton-based systems are already in use. 

In the laser-based systems. They can use the one-pixel scanner. And the nano-lasers. Those one-pixel systems can be in a frame that spins around the laser. 

The new nanotechnical lasers can act as pairs with the pixels that can receive the reflection. The laser. It can have a frame. Those receiving pixels are in that frame. As a circle. This makes it possible to create optical lidar (”laser radar”) that can scan surfaces and operate over longer distances. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-break-optical-limits-with-quantum-dot-powered-nanoscopy/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-tiny-nanolaser-that-could-revolutionize-future-computers/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_radar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton 

Reflections on Kokemäenjoki

We remember the achievement, but not the price. We know that history is full of glory. But the price of that glory is sometimes suffering that breaks all limits that we can imagine. We forget that in the past, slaves had a big role in the economy. We remember the Holocaust, we remember Stalin’s camps. But we don’t remember Belgium Congo. Why? We can ask that of ourselves. We must realize that cotton was the main product, made by using slaves.  We can say that Finland didn’t participate in slavery, because Finland was not independent. But sometimes Finns and Swedish people participated in those actions as individuals. Belgians wanted to outsource the dirty work in Leopold’s Garden to Swedish and Finnish people. Like Swedish Reserve officers. 

Nobody knows whether Finnish businessmen knew. In 1898. About the conditions. The cotton is produced in Africa. Cotton was the main product. That was made by slaves. The cotton has a very close connection with slavery. Public opinion caused slavery. To be disbanded. But that horrifying action continued in Africa at least. In the year 1904. The slavery continued under the protection of Leopold II of Belgium. And after that, slavery is a big problem in the world. Even today, there are lots of people in the world who live in total slavery. 

The Belgian Congo and  Congo Free State case. Cotton is not a very well-known thing. For some reason, people mention rubber in that case.  But we must realize that cotton is produced everywhere there is slavery. So we must say that Leopold II might not refuse to produce and sell cotton. The main product of the Free State Congo was rubber. But as I wrote everywhere, there is slavery. Slaves collect cotton. Cotton is a better merchandise to produce by slaves. Because the cotton collector doesn’t need knives or other tools. They could use it against their guards. This is why I think that cotton was also produced in the Free State Congo. 

The family that invented the first cotton and fabric factory was the Scottish businessman James Finlayson in 1820. The factory that Finlayson established was in Tampere. And this factory was established by local businessmen in 1898. In that time, conditions in Africa were not as good as they are today. In 1898, the Belgian Congo was the private property of Leopold II of Belgium. The name of that area was the Congo Free State.

There is a possibility that he was a member of the Layson (not Lawson) family. That man was one of them. The people who made big money. Here in Finland. That was the beginning of industrialization. It was very easy to establish factories. The country needed money, officials needed uniforms, and people needed money and clothes. Fabric was a good article for trade. The cotton was brought from Africa. And then it turned to thread. The fabric factory. It was purebred cotton, and then those fabrics were sold. The Russian authorities were not interested in the conditions where those cotton workers lived in Africa.

When we think about history. Cotton was a good trade article. People in Europe were not interested in things. That was going on in Africa. The cotton was transported to the Caribbean. There, its origin is marked as the USA or some British or French colonies. Those colonies were under surveillance. Of the British and French authorities. So there was no problem with the conditions. Those people lived there. They didn’t notice. That. Lots of cotton. Were brought. From Leopold II´s private “garden”. Called the Congo. Those conditions were brutal. There.  Never investigated. Did the Finlayson. And his partners know. About those conditions, or what was going on in the Belgian Congo?

There is suspicion that the business of the cotton fabric factory was transferred into the hands of. Local businessmen. Because. Somebody asked about the low price. That. The businessmen paid for the raw material. Called cotton. Cotton was the perfect product for slaves. They couldn’t use that thing against their masters. And the cotton was easy to transport far away from England. In 1904, Sir Roger Casement wrote a report. That opened people's eyes in Europe. That report uncovered. The monstrous actions of Leopold II in Congo. Finland, or the Grand Duchy of Finland, was a good place to transport cotton. Ordinary people didn’t speak English. Or French. If there were some notes that tried to uncover Leopold’s dirty secret, people didn’t understand those texts.

The person who brought the brutal actions of Leopold II into public knowledge was Edmund Dane Morel. But Casement confirmed that information.  Later reports said. The population of the Free State Congo. The population of Congo decreased from 20-30 million to 8 million in 12 years. 

Here I must say that Leopold II lived in the final stage of slavery. Things. The telegraph made it possible to transmit information to Europe. The letters could disappear. But then. Roger Casement, the telegraph and diplomatic mails, told people the truth about things like the origin of the cotton.

Once in history. The city of Pori lived because of the river. The Kokemäenjoki offered a good route. To bring cotton to the Finlayson cotton-fabric factory. Ships and ferries also carried coal to that factory.  The images portray Kokemäenjoki in the opposite of the old cotton, or fabric factory. The facatory itself is a remarkable artifact from the past. Something that we remember, but those factories never return. Today, the building houses a university center. And a shopping center.

But they are echoes from the past. Time that we want to remember. The river is like time. The time travel through the town that was established a long time ago. Generations lived in that place. But we live here on Earth for only a short period. History teaches us. But. We cannot look at the past when we face problems. History is many times. Glorified. If we were to base our industry on the same principles as this old fabric factory, we would be in bigger trouble than we are now. Those factories that we remember from the industrialization time. In the 19th century, pollution was caused by those factories.

Finlayson got information that the cotton was not made by using slaves. And then he could live with a pure conscience. The fabrics that are made in that factory. They were marked as made in the Grand Duchy of Finland, which was part of the Russian Empire. Have the people who owned that factory ever visited Africa? I think that answer was no. The reason why cotton turned into fabric in places like Finland was simple. People never blurt out what they saw in Africa. Slavery was officially forbidden in England. So there was danger that the people, like sailors or priests, could tell what conditions there were where the cotton workers lived and worked in Africa in 1898

Oy Finlayson AB bought the Porin Puuvilla Oy in 1974. And in 1981. There was a big fire in the loom, and that destroyed the factory. The production ended. In that factory in 1991.

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Dene_Morel

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlayson

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongon_vapaavaltio

https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porin_Puuvilla

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_Report

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._D._Morel

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium

Stormy clouds.

Clouds are interesting. The pearl clouds can have a very interesting shape. But the world is full of mysteries. And many times mysteries are so interesting that we cannot let them be. 

Stormy and grey days bring nice clouds. The first thing that comes to mind is the place called Wuthering Heights. I have ever read that novel. However, I read a lot about its writer. The novel Wuthering Heights was Emily Brontë’s only novel, which she ever wrote. This lady died of tuberculosis at the age of 30. 

But sometimes I think that I stay in the high grass. In the British moors. The sky would be grey, and something exciting is coming. This is one of the ways. We can handle things that we don’t understand. British moors are the setting for many masterful novels like “The Hound of the Baskervilles”. So, grey and stormy days are a good thing for the beginning of the novels and other things. 

Gamma Cassiopeiae could give a model for reseachers how to create X-rays and Gamma-rays without antimatter.

"Gamma Cas consists of a Be-type star surrounded by a disk of material; some of this material flows toward the companion; a second disk forms around the companion, and the material eventually flows toward the poles, where it emits X-rays (green arrows). Some of these X-rays are reflected by the surface of the white dwarf (purple arrows). Credit: University of Liège / Y.Nazé" (ScitechDaily, A Bright Star Hid a Massive Secret for 50 Years: Mystery of Gamma Cassiopeiae Finally Solved)

Gamma Cassiopeiae is a bright B-spectral class star. Astronomers found a hidden companion. The small white dwarf near that star. This means the Gamma Cassiopeiae is a binary star. And the thing that makes it interesting is the small white dwarf that orbits the center star and pulls matter from that star.  

The massive star in the Gamma Cassiopeiae system is the source of the X-ray bursts from that star. The magnetic white dwarf is the thing. That accelerates the ionized gas around it. And when that ion belt impacts the plasma around the larger star, it causes a very high-energy reaction. And we see that reaction as X-ray bursts from around that star. 

When particles in two separate plasma disks collide, they form X-ray bursts. This observation is the answer to the astronomical mystery. But. It can also make it possible to detect methods. To create artificial gamma- or X-rays. In history researchers thought that only black holes could create X- and gamma-rays. But today. We know that.  Also, less massive objects. Like white dwarfs can form at least X-rays. 

Those high-energy rays can form when a white dwarf pulls matter from its companion star. The matter that the white dwarf pulls from the companion star forms the ion cloud or halo around the white dwarf. And when that material flows. Impacts the plasma that orbits the white dwarf. That reaction forms X-ray bursts. The high-energy magnetic field. Puts the plasma into a whirl very fast around the white dwarf.

Magnetic white dwarfs interact through gravity. But it also interacts through a magnetic field. When the material impacts the white dwarf’s surface. That impact causes a nuclear reaction, which raises the energy level in plasma. That orbits the white dwarf. 

When incoming material impacts. The white dwarf’s plasma fields. That causes. A high-energy interaction. This interaction causes a situation. Those impacting particles send high-energy radiation. The remarkable thing is this: in this reaction, the magnetic interaction is dominating. 

And that thing causes a model, that if we create two crossing plasma wheels or plasma rings, we could create synthetic X- or even gamma rays. If we want to create synthetic gamma-rays, we must raise those particles' energy level so high that the quarks can interact with each other. Another way to create those high-energy radiation bursts is to use particle accelerators that accelerate quarks, electrons, or protons with high-power magnetic fields and aim laser beams into them. 

Those photons can accelerate those particles or particle clusters to a high energy level. And that system. It can create high-energy radiation. The system can have two cyclotrons that create a plasma ring. That accelerates those particles with the highest possible energy level. Then that plasma will be conducted to the linear accelerators. 

There. High-energy photons will accelerate those particles. That conducted. To crossing trajectories. Another way. Is to aim lasers at. The point where those plasma rings that rotate in opposite directions impact. When plasma rings orbit in opposite directions, that maximizes their impact force. These types of systems can be used to create synthetic gamma- or X-rays. Antimatter annihilation is the tool. That could create the gamma-rays. But. Creating gamma rays by using antimatter. It is quite an expensive method. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-bright-star-hid-a-massive-secret-for-50-years-mystery-of-gamma-cassiopeiae-finally-solved/

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